We don't write opinion. Each quiz question maps to a primary or institutional source — usually one of the bodies below. The full citation list is exposed inside the app, on the answer screen of every question.
IPCC AR6
Working Groups I, II & III
The IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report (2021–2023) is the most thorough scientific consensus on the state of the climate, impacts and mitigation. Carbon Footprint Quiz's questions on energy systems, transport, buildings, food and offsets all trace back to AR6 chapter findings.
IPCC (2023). AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023.
NASA Climate Change
Vital Signs of the Planet
NASA's earth-observation programme provides the long-running CO₂, temperature, sea-level and ice-sheet data series used in our questions on climate trends and feedbacks.
NASA Global Climate Change (2024). climate.nasa.gov.
International Energy Agency
Energy, emissions, technology
The IEA's annual energy and emissions data underpin our quizzes on electricity grids, heat pumps, EVs, gas vs. renewables and the energy demand of data centres.
IEA (2024). World Energy Outlook 2024.
Our World in Data
Open climate & energy data
OWID's compilations of per-capita emissions, food carbon footprints, transport mode comparisons and energy mix are used for accuracy-checking every numeric figure shown to players.
Ritchie, H., Roser, M. & Rosado, P. (2024). "CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions". OurWorldInData.org.
FAO
Food systems & emissions
Our food, diet and land-use questions cite the UN Food & Agriculture Organisation's analyses of livestock emissions, food loss and dietary footprints.
FAO (2023). "Pathways towards lower emissions: A global assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation options from livestock".
GHG Protocol
Corporate accounting standards
Questions on scope 1, 2 and 3, supply-chain emissions and corporate climate disclosures map to the World Resources Institute / WBCSD's GHG Protocol standards.
WRI/WBCSD (2015). The Greenhouse Gas Protocol: Corporate Standard (revised edition).
EPA & EEA emission factors
National-level reference data
Country-specific figures (e.g. household electricity carbon intensity) cross-reference the US EPA, European Environment Agency and DEFRA UK conversion factors.
US EPA (2024). "Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2022".
Lancet Countdown
Climate change & human health
Our health-impacts and heat-mortality questions draw on the annual Lancet Countdown report on health and climate change.
Romanello, M. et al. (2023). "The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change". The Lancet.
Browse the full citation list inside the app — every question carries 2–4 sourced links.